terviews were granted by most of the principal performers
requested. No other main sources were available with the
exception of some unassorted and incomplete official and un-
official programs of the swimming meets from 1911 to 1916
which were in possession of the local Amateur Athletic Union.

Application of data. The references of the Pacific
Commercial Advertiser were checked against those of the
Honolulu Star-Bulletin in cases where a doubt as to accuracy
arose. The available Official Athletic Almanacs and Inter-
collegiate Swimming. Guides were also used in regards to
national open and school records. In addition, attempts were
made to determine whether performances that were listed in
all local accounts as world records were as stated, or whet-
her they were American records, but the references that could
supply that information are located not here, but in the of-
fice of the national A. A. U. in New York. On all important
points stressed in the summary, personal interviews with the
persons of that period substantiated the published accounts.

Amateur. An amateur is one who competes in a sport
for the benefits therefrom, excluding any type of financial
benefit.

A. A. U. The Amateur Athletic Union is the organiza-
tion that controls amateur swimming and other amateur sports.